![]() Staghorn classification: Platform for morphometry assessment. In case of a concomitant urinary tract infection, leukocytes and bacteria may be detected.Īllowable Qualifiers English: BL blood CF cerebrospinal fluid CI chemically induced CH chemistry CL classification CO complications CN congenital DI diagnosis DG diagnostic imaging DH diet therapy DT drug therapy EC economics EM embryology EN enzymology EP epidemiologyĮpidemiology of Stone Disease. The morphology of urine crystals may indicate the composition of the renal calculus and since most SC are composed struvite, "coffin lids" are typically seen upon the microscopic examination of urine sediment. With regards to urine analyses, the vast majority of SC patients presents with microscopic hematuria and crystalluria. The former should include measurements of serum electrolyte concentrations, urea and creatinine, and results may not only reveal renal function impairment but also metabolic pathologies that predispose for the development of renal calculi. Īdditionally, laboratory analyses of blood and urine samples should be performed. The three-dimensional reconstruction of SC may help to resolve this issue. ![]() Of note, this technique permits for a reliable estimation of a small calculus' volume, but such measures have proven less precise in case of large, branched calculi. While most SC are readily observable in images obtained by plain radiography and sonography, computed tomography scans have largely replaced the former: Computed tomography scans allow for an assessment of the overall stone burden, the condition of the renal pelvis and its calyces. The presence of SC is usually confirmed by means of diagnostic imaging. The mean cortical thickness increased to 10.68 mm at third month of follow-up, compared to 9.26mm before surgery. įever (36%) was the most common postoperative complication. CT revealed that her middle and inferior calyx had not been adequately drained (Fig. The next month, she visited our department again for fever. Her fever reduced, and her inflammation markers decreased. Conclusion: For staghorn calculus PCNL is safe and effective procedure with acceptable morbidity and without mortality. Whereas fever, hemothorax, hydrothorax, paralytic ileus were encountered in 12%,0.5%,0.5% and 4% patients respectively. She was observed closely with prompt resolution of the tachycardia and fever, and her symptoms were attributed to transient bacteremia from surgical instrumentation. Symptoms are again nonspecific and include fever, malaise, flank pain and hematuria.2,5 CT is the primary imaging modality in evaluating the extent of disease. Thus, a medical history of urolithiasis should prompt a suspicion of SC and other types of renal calculi. If particles of renal calculi remain in the renal pelvis after therapy, they may serve as nuclei for renewed crystallization. SC may be associated with sepsis.ĭiagnostic measures may reveal the following: Patients may claim flank pain and constitutive symptoms like fever, nausea and vomiting. ![]() They rarely pass spontaneously and provoke clinical symptoms in the vast majority of cases. Indeed, complete SC may form within little more than a month. Most SC correspond to so-called "infection stones" composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate/struvite, which are characterized by very rapid growth. Urinary tract infection is considered the main risk factor for SC development and thus, affected individuals typically have a medical history of urinary stasis or recurrent infection. ![]()
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